ONLINE EXCLUSIVE

Dueling Disasters

How firefighters are dealing with unprecedented wildfires during a pandemic

Noah Berger/AP Images

BE PREPARED: Firefighters work together to fight a blazing fire in Santa Barbara, California. Due to the spread of Covid-19, many units need to change strategies for fighting wildfires, including isolation and social distancing.

This fall, firefighters from across the United States, Mexico, and Canada flocked to the West Coast. Their mission: to battle hundreds of blazes during the region’s most destructive wildfire season on record. The fires caused 32 deaths and burned millions of acres of land as of October 29, 2020 (see "Record-Breaking Blazes” in Science World’s November 16, 2020, issue). Hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate.

But as firefighters banded together to protect these communities from wildfires, they faced another obstacle: Covid-19. The ongoing pandemic disrupted firefighter training, preventive measures to thwart fires, and the methods firefighters traditionally use to beat back flames.

CAUGHT OFF GUARD

The risks associated with Covid-19 forced firefighters to alter their yearly preparations before wildfire season (which usually starts in early summer). For example, new and experienced firefighters normally receive in-person training in the spring. That moved online, explains Jim Gersbach, a spokesperson for the Oregon Department of Forestry. “It wasn’t a good idea to have 100-plus people training together for a week in the middle of a pandemic,” he says.

Before wildfire season, firefighters also normally conduct controlled burns. They set these small, planned fires purposefully to help get rid of excess leaves, sticks, and other dry debris on the forest floor. That keeps flammable material from building up and fueling future wildfires. Controlled burns reduce the chances of accidental fires growing out of control, says Amber Ziring, the Covid-19 coordinator with the Oregon Department of Forestry.

Unfortunately, smoke-filled air also puts people infected with the new coronavirus, including firefighters, at higher risk of developing severe Covid-19 symptoms. So, as people in cities began to shelter in place, many states, including California and Oregon, put controlled burns on hold.  “Everyone was so overwhelmed with Covid-19,” says Ziring. “We weren’t sure what we were dealing with.” 

Rand Snyder/INCIWEB

CLOSE QUARTERS: Some firefighters must take helicopters to reach fires in remote areas. Being so close to one another may increase risk of Covid-19 transmission while the pandemic is raging.

SOCIAL DISTANCING SUCCESS

By the time fire season began, the spread of Covid-19 in the U.S. wasn’t slowing. State forestry departments needed to come up with plans to prevent firefighters from becoming infected as they put out blazes.

Normally, when fighting larger fires, firefighters gather at base camps. But eating meals and sharing bathrooms with hundreds of other people create the perfect conditions for the virus that causes Covid-19 to spread. So, firefighters were told to limit contact with people outside their usual crews— small teams that ranged in size from 2 to 20 people. Crews worked together to fight fires but otherwise didn’t interact. At base camps, each crew used a separate bathroom facility and ate prepackaged meals away from the other firefighters. “You were with your crew and no one else,” Ziring says. “They became your family.”

Staying away from others made it less likely that a firefighter would catch the virus or spread it to fellow crew members. In the unlikely event that a firefighter did test positive for the virus, all members of his or her crew would spend two weeks in isolated in quarantine—until they could be sure no one else on their crew had contracted the virus.

The plan was a success. By October, only 6 firefighters out of nearly 4,000 in Oregon had caught the virus—just 0.15 percent, a much lower percentage than the 1.2 percent of Oregon’s general public who contracted the virus as of October 29. “In some ways, it might have been safer to go join a firefighting crew than go out in the general population,” says Gersbach.

Now, as the number of U.S. Covid-19 cases continues to rise, the fires are moving farther east into states like Colorado, Utah, and Arizona. Since late summer, the wildfires have scorched a total of over 4 million acres. And as firefighters continue to work to extinguish these intense blazes, everyone hopes the spread of Covid-19 among firefighters will continue to be kept in check.

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